Circular closed-loop waste biorefineries: Organic waste as an innovative feedstock for the production of bioplastic in South Africa

The impact of landfills on the environment has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years due to confounding effects climate change and water scarcity. There is an urgent need reduce from greenhouse gas emissions that cause change, provide effective treatment solutions for waste, thereby diverting it landfills. With estimated 80 million tonnes plastic waste entering world’s oceans annually, accumulation marine become a global crisis. Plastic pollution threatens food safety quality, human health coastal tourism, contributes change. For these reasons, there explore bioplastic biorefinery process. This review paper examines potential organic as alternative carbon source efficient feasible microbial production polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which are precursors bioplastic. More specifically, this presents concept technological perspective, based data previous studies. Biofuel processes also assessed with aim integrating construct biorefinery. Garden refuse have been shown be feedstocks PHA PHB singular processes. Diverting wastes away will significantly ease environmental impacts currently associated their disposal.Significance: A viable treat municipal waste. Several biofuel can integrated into system. Organic poorly managed South Africa, resulting emissions. barriers considerations must overcome before implementing technology at full scale.